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這篇文章主要介紹了MySQL 分組查詢和聚合函數(shù)的相關(guān)資料,幫助大家更好的理解和使用MySQL,感興趣的朋友可以了解下
概述
相信我們經(jīng)常會(huì)遇到這樣的場(chǎng)景:想要了解雙十一天貓購(gòu)買(mǎi)化妝品的人員中平均消費(fèi)額度是多少(這可能有利于對(duì)商品價(jià)格區(qū)間的定位);或者不同年齡段的化妝品消費(fèi)占比是多少(這可能有助于對(duì)商品備貨量的預(yù)估)。
這個(gè)時(shí)候就要用到分組查詢,分組查詢的目的是為了把數(shù)據(jù)分成多個(gè)邏輯組(購(gòu)買(mǎi)化妝品的人員是一個(gè)組,不同年齡段購(gòu)買(mǎi)化妝品的人員也是組),并對(duì)每個(gè)組進(jìn)行聚合計(jì)算的過(guò)程:。
分組查詢的語(yǔ)法格式如下:
select cname, group_fun,... from tname [where condition]
group by group_expression [having group_condition];
說(shuō)明一下:
1、group_fun 代表聚合函數(shù),是指對(duì)分組的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行聚合計(jì)算的函數(shù)。
2、group_expression 代表分組表達(dá)式,允許多個(gè),多個(gè)之間使用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。
3、group_condition 分組之后,再對(duì)分組后的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行條件過(guò)濾的過(guò)程。
4、分組語(yǔ)法中,select后面出現(xiàn)的字段 要么是group by后面的字段,要么是聚合函數(shù)的列,其他類型會(huì)報(bào)異常,我們下面的內(nèi)容中會(huì)詳細(xì)說(shuō)明。
說(shuō)分組之前,先來(lái)看看聚合函數(shù),聚合函數(shù)是分組查詢語(yǔ)法格式中重要的一部分。我們經(jīng)常需要匯總數(shù)據(jù)而不用把它們實(shí)際檢索出來(lái),所以MySQL提供了專門(mén)的函數(shù)。使用這些函數(shù),可用于計(jì)算我們需要的數(shù)據(jù),以便分析和生成報(bào)表。
聚合函數(shù)
聚合函數(shù)有以下幾種。
AVG()函數(shù)
AVG()通過(guò)對(duì)表中行數(shù)計(jì)數(shù)并計(jì)算特定列值之和,求得該列的平均值。 AVG()可用來(lái)返回所有列的平均值,也可以用來(lái)返回特定列或行的平均值。
下面示例返回用戶表中用戶的平均年齡:
mysql> select * from user2;
+----+--------+------+----------+-----+
| id | name | age | address | sex |
+----+--------+------+----------+-----+
| 1 | brand | 21 | fuzhou | 1 |
| 2 | helen | 20 | quanzhou | 0 |
| 3 | sol | 21 | xiamen | 0 |
| 4 | weng | 33 | guizhou | 1 |
| 5 | selina | 25 | NULL | 0 |
| 6 | anny | 23 | shanghai | 0 |
| 7 | annd | 24 | shanghai | 1 |
| 8 | sunny | NULL | guizhou | 0 |
+----+--------+------+----------+-----+
8 rows in set
mysql> select avg(age) from user2;
+----------+
| avg(age) |
+----------+
| 23.8571 |
+----------+
1 row in set
注意點(diǎn):
1、AVG()只能用來(lái)確定特定數(shù)值列的平均值 。
2、AVG()函數(shù)忽略列值為NULL的行,所以上圖中age值累加之后是除以7,而不是除以8。
COUNT()函數(shù)
COUNT()函數(shù)進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)。 可以用COUNT()確定表中符合條件的行的數(shù)目。
count 有 count(*)、count(具體字段)、count(常量) 三種方式來(lái)體現(xiàn) 下面 演示了count(*) 和 count(cname)的用法。
mysql> select * from user2;
+----+--------+------+----------+-----+
| id | name | age | address | sex |
+----+--------+------+----------+-----+
| 1 | brand | 21 | fuzhou | 1 |
| 2 | helen | 20 | quanzhou | 0 |
| 3 | sol | 21 | xiamen | 0 |
| 4 | weng | 33 | guizhou | 1 |
| 5 | selina | 25 | NULL | 0 |
| 6 | anny | 23 | shanghai | 0 |
| 7 | annd | 24 | shanghai | 1 |
| 8 | sunny | NULL | guizhou | 0 |
+----+--------+------+----------+-----+
8 rows in set
mysql> select count(*) from user2 where sex=0;
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
| 5 |
+----------+
1 row in set
mysql> select count(age) from user2 where sex=0;
+------------+
| count(age) |
+------------+
| 4 |
+------------+
1 row in set
可以看到,都是取出女生的用戶數(shù)量,count(*) 比 count(age) 多一個(gè),那是因?yàn)閍ge中包含null值。
所以:如果指定列名,則指定列的值為空的行被COUNT()函數(shù)忽略,但如果COUNT()函數(shù)中用的是星號(hào)( *),則不忽略。
MAX()和MIN()函數(shù)
MAX()返回指定列中的最大值,MIN()返回指定列中的最小值。
mysql> select * from user2;
+----+--------+------+----------+-----+
| id | name | age | address | sex |
+----+--------+------+----------+-----+
| 1 | brand | 21 | fuzhou | 1 |
| 2 | helen | 20 | quanzhou | 0 |
| 3 | sol | 21 | xiamen | 0 |
| 4 | weng | 33 | guizhou | 1 |
| 5 | selina | 25 | NULL | 0 |
| 6 | anny | 23 | shanghai | 0 |
| 7 | annd | 24 | shanghai | 1 |
| 8 | sunny | NULL | guizhou | 0 |
+----+--------+------+----------+-----+
8 rows in set
mysql> select max(age),min(age) from user2;
+----------+----------+
| max(age) | min(age) |
+----------+----------+
| 33 | 20 |
+----------+----------+
1 row in set
注意:同樣的,MAX()、MIN()函數(shù)忽略列值為NULL的行。
SUM函數(shù)
SUM()用來(lái)返回指定列值的和(總計(jì)) ,下面返回了所有年齡的總和,同樣的,忽略了null的值
mysql> select * from user2;
+----+--------+------+----------+-----+
| id | name | age | address | sex |
+----+--------+------+----------+-----+
| 1 | brand | 21 | fuzhou | 1 |
| 2 | helen | 20 | quanzhou | 0 |
| 3 | sol | 21 | xiamen | 0 |
| 4 | weng | 33 | guizhou | 1 |
| 5 | selina | 25 | NULL | 0 |
| 6 | anny | 23 | shanghai | 0 |
| 7 | annd | 24 | shanghai | 1 |
| 8 | sunny | NULL | guizhou | 0 |
+----+--------+------+----------+-----+
8 rows in set
mysql> select sum(age) from user2;
+----------+
| sum(age) |
+----------+
| 167 |
+----------+
1 row in set
分組查詢
數(shù)據(jù)準(zhǔn)備,假設(shè)我們有一個(gè)訂貨單表如下(記載用戶的訂單金額和下單時(shí)間):
mysql> select * from t_order;
+---------+-----+-------+--------+---------------------+------+
| orderid | uid | uname | amount | time | year |
+---------+-----+-------+--------+---------------------+------+
| 20 | 1 | brand | 91.23 | 2018-08-20 17:22:21 | 2018 |
| 21 | 1 | brand | 87.54 | 2019-07-16 09:21:30 | 2019 |
| 22 | 1 | brand | 166.88 | 2019-04-04 12:23:55 | 2019 |
| 23 | 2 | helyn | 93.73 | 2019-09-15 10:11:11 | 2019 |
| 24 | 2 | helyn | 102.32 | 2019-01-08 17:33:25 | 2019 |
| 25 | 2 | helyn | 106.06 | 2019-12-24 12:25:25 | 2019 |
| 26 | 2 | helyn | 73.42 | 2020-04-03 17:16:23 | 2020 |
| 27 | 3 | sol | 55.55 | 2019-08-05 19:16:23 | 2019 |
| 28 | 3 | sol | 69.96 | 2020-09-16 19:23:16 | 2020 |
| 29 | 4 | weng | 199.99 | 2020-06-08 19:55:06 | 2020 |
+---------+-----+-------+--------+---------------------+------+
10 rows in set
單字段分組
即對(duì)于某個(gè)字段進(jìn)行分組,比如針對(duì)用戶進(jìn)行分組,輸出他們的用戶Id,訂單數(shù)量和總額:
mysql> select uid,count(uid),sum(amount) from t_order group by uid;
+-----+------------+-------------+
| uid | count(uid) | sum(amount) |
+-----+------------+-------------+
| 1 | 3 | 345.65 |
| 2 | 4 | 375.53 |
| 3 | 2 | 125.51 |
| 4 | 1 | 199.99 |
+-----+------------+-------------+
4 rows in set
多字段分組
即對(duì)于多個(gè)字段進(jìn)行分組,比如針對(duì)用戶進(jìn)行分組,再對(duì)他們不同年份的訂單數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分組,輸出訂單數(shù)量和消費(fèi)總額:
mysql> select uid,count(uid) as nums,sum(amount) as totalamount,year from t_order group by uid,year;
+-----+------+-------------+------+
| uid | nums | totalamount | year |
+-----+------+-------------+------+
| 1 | 1 | 91.23 | 2018 |
| 1 | 2 | 254.42 | 2019 |
| 2 | 3 | 302.11 | 2019 |
| 2 | 1 | 73.42 | 2020 |
| 3 | 1 | 55.55 | 2019 |
| 3 | 1 | 69.96 | 2020 |
| 4 | 1 | 199.99 | 2020 |
+-----+------+-------------+------+
7 rows in set
分組前的條件過(guò)濾:where
這個(gè)很簡(jiǎn)單,就是再分組(group by)之前通過(guò)where關(guān)鍵字進(jìn)行條件過(guò)濾,取出我們需要的數(shù)據(jù),假設(shè)我們只要列出2019年8月之后的數(shù)據(jù),源數(shù)據(jù)只有6條合格的,有兩條年份一樣被分組的:
mysql> select uid,count(uid) as nums,sum(amount) as totalamount,year from t_order where time > '2019-08-01' group by uid,year;
+-----+------+-------------+------+
| uid | nums | totalamount | year |
+-----+------+-------------+------+
| 2 | 2 | 199.79 | 2019 |
| 2 | 1 | 73.42 | 2020 |
| 3 | 1 | 55.55 | 2019 |
| 3 | 1 | 69.96 | 2020 |
| 4 | 1 | 199.99 | 2020 |
+-----+------+-------------+------+
5 rows in set
分組后的條件過(guò)濾:having
有時(shí)候我們需要再分組之后再對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行過(guò)濾,這時(shí)候就需要使用having關(guān)鍵字進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)過(guò)濾,再上述條件下,我們需要取出消費(fèi)次數(shù)超過(guò)一次的數(shù)據(jù):
mysql> select uid,count(uid) as nums,sum(amount) as totalamount,year from t_order where time > '2019-08-01' group by uid,year having nums>1;
+-----+------+-------------+------+
| uid | nums | totalamount | year |
+-----+------+-------------+------+
| 2 | 2 | 199.79 | 2019 |
+-----+------+-------------+------+
1 row in set
這邊需要注意區(qū)分where和having:
where是在分組(聚合)前對(duì)記錄進(jìn)行篩選,而having是在分組結(jié)束后的結(jié)果里篩選,最后返回過(guò)濾后的結(jié)果。
可以把having理解為兩級(jí)查詢,即含having的查詢操作先獲得不含having子句時(shí)的sql查詢結(jié)果表,然后在這個(gè)結(jié)果表上使用having條件篩選出符合的記錄,最后返回這些記錄,因此,having后是可以跟聚合函數(shù)的,并且這個(gè)聚集函數(shù)不必與select后面的聚集函數(shù)相同。
分組后的排序處理
order條件接在group by后面,也就是統(tǒng)計(jì)出每個(gè)用戶的消費(fèi)總額和消費(fèi)次數(shù)后,對(duì)用戶的消費(fèi)總額進(jìn)行降序排序的過(guò)程。
mysql> select uid,count(uid) as nums,sum(amount) as totalamount from t_order group by uid;
+-----+------+-------------+
| uid | nums | totalamount |
+-----+------+-------------+
| 1 | 3 | 345.65 |
| 2 | 4 | 375.53 |
| 3 | 2 | 125.51 |
| 4 | 1 | 199.99 |
+-----+------+-------------+
4 rows in set
mysql> select uid,count(uid) as nums,sum(amount) as totalamount from t_order group by uid order by totalamount desc;
+-----+------+-------------+
| uid | nums | totalamount |
+-----+------+-------------+
| 2 | 4 | 375.53 |
| 1 | 3 | 345.65 |
| 4 | 1 | 199.99 |
| 3 | 2 | 125.51 |
+-----+------+-------------+
4 rows in set
分組后的limit 限制
limit限制關(guān)鍵字一般放在語(yǔ)句的最末尾,比如基于我們上面的搜索,我們?cè)賚imit 1,只取出消費(fèi)額最高的那條,其他跳過(guò)。
mysql> select uid,count(uid) as nums,sum(amount) as totalamount from t_order group by uid order by totalamount desc limit 1;
+-----+------+-------------+
| uid | nums | totalamount |
+-----+------+-------------+
| 2 | 4 | 375.53 |
+-----+------+-------------+
1 row in set
關(guān)鍵字的執(zhí)行順序
我們看到上面那我們用了 where、group by、having、order by、limit這些關(guān)鍵字,如果一起使用,他們是有先后順序,順序錯(cuò)了會(huì)導(dǎo)致異常,語(yǔ)法格式如下:
select cname from tname
where [原表查詢條件]
group by [分組表達(dá)式]
having [分組過(guò)濾條件]
order by [排序條件]
limit [offset,] count;
mysql> select uid,count(uid) as nums,sum(amount) as totalamount from t_order where time > '2019-08-01' group by uid having totalamount>100 order by totalamount desc limit 1;
+-----+------+-------------+
| uid | nums | totalamount |
+-----+------+-------------+
| 2 | 3 | 273.21 |
+-----+------+-------------+
1 row in set
總結(jié)
1、分組語(yǔ)法中,select后面出現(xiàn)的字段 要么是group by后面的字段,要么是聚合函數(shù)的列,其他類型會(huì)報(bào)異常:可以自己試試。
2、分組關(guān)鍵字的執(zhí)行順序:where、group by、having、order by、limit,順序不能調(diào)換,否則會(huì)報(bào)異常:可以自己試試。
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